Antiinflamatoris

Antiinflamatoris are agents that reduce inflammation and the related symptoms of pain, swelling, and redness. They are used to manage a wide range of conditions, including musculoskeletal disorders, autoimmune diseases, and some acute injuries. Mechanistically, antiinflamatoris work by suppressing inflammatory mediators, blocking signaling pathways, or dampening immune responses.

The main categories include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic or targeted therapies. NSAIDs relieve pain and swelling by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes and prostaglandin synthesis. Corticosteroids provide potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, but can cause long-term adverse effects if used repeatedly or at high doses.

NSAIDs examples include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. Risks associated with NSAIDs include gastrointestinal ulcers or bleeding, kidney effects, and, in some patients, cardiovascular concerns. They are often used for short courses or at lower doses, with attention to patient history and concomitant medications.

Corticosteroids examples include prednisone and methylprednisolone. Long-term use can lead to weight gain, high blood sugar, osteoporosis, increased infection risk, and other metabolic effects. Tapering schedules are common to minimize withdrawal and adrenal suppression.

DMARDs and biologics are used to modify disease progression in autoimmune conditions. Examples of DMARDs are methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine; biologic agents include TNF inhibitors such as infliximab and adalimumab, IL-6 inhibitors, and other targeted therapies, including JAK inhibitors. These drugs may take weeks to months to achieve full effect and require monitoring for infections, liver or marrow toxicity, and other adverse effects.

In practice, antiinflamatoris are selected based on disease type, severity, patient comorbidities, and risk–benefit considerations, often in combination with nonpharmacologic strategies and regular clinical monitoring.