Anopheles

Anopheles is a genus of mosquitoes in the family Culicidae. With hundreds of described species, it includes both competent disease vectors and non-biting species. Members of the genus are found worldwide, particularly in tropical and temperate regions. Many Anopheles species feed on humans (anthropophilic), while others feed predominantly on animals or have mixed feeding habits. The genus is most notable for its role in malaria transmission.

Female Anopheles mosquitoes require a blood meal to develop eggs. After feeding on an infected host, Plasmodium parasites undergo development in the mosquito and can be transmitted to humans during subsequent meals. Malaria transmission is associated with several Anopheles species, including major vectors in different regions such as the Anopheles gambiae complex in Africa and Anopheles stephensi in Asia. Adults typically bite at night, though some species feed in the early evening or at dawn. Larvae develop in aquatic habitats, ranging from permanent ponds to temporary pools and rice fields.

Control of Anopheles populations is central to malaria control and relies on measures such as insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, and elimination or management of larval habitats. Insecticide resistance and changes in vector behavior can reduce effectiveness. Research topics include vector ecology, behavioral differences among species, and new methods of population suppression or parasite interference. The genus remains a key focus of public health and entomological studies due to its vital role in malaria transmission.