Annuals

Annuals are flowering plants that complete their entire life cycle within a single growing season. They germinate, grow, flower, set seed, and die within one year or less. In temperate regions most annuals are killed by frost and must be replanted each spring, while in frost-free climates some annuals may behave as short-lived perennials or self-seed.

Annuals are often grouped as cool-season or warm-season species. Cool-season annuals, such as pansies and calendulas, prefer cooler temperatures and can provide color in spring or fall. Warm-season annuals, including marigolds, petunias, zinnias, and cosmos, thrive in hot, sunny conditions and often bloom from summer into autumn.

Growing them typically involves direct sowing after the last frost or starting indoors before transplanting. They require well-drained soil, ample sunlight, and regular watering. Many annuals benefit from deadheading to encourage continuous flowering, and some gardeners practice succession planting to maintain color through the season.

Uses and advantages include rapid color development, versatility in containers and bedding schemes, and relatively low cost. They can be selected for bold textures, flower shapes, and seasonal themes. Disadvantages include the need for annual replanting, variable performance by year and climate, and sensitivity to pests or heat.

Some annuals readily self-seed, while others require fresh sowing each year. In horticulture, annuals are valued for quick results, diverse flower forms, and the ability to tailor color displays year to year.