Aneurüsm

Aneurüsm is a rare spelling variant of aneurysm, a localized, permanent dilation of a blood vessel wall. In medical terms, a true aneurysm involves all layers of the vessel wall; a false or pseudoaneurysm results from a breach in the wall with a surrounding hematoma contained by tissue. Aneurysms most commonly occur in arteries, particularly the aorta or the brain, but can arise in peripheral arteries as well.

Common sites and types include abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), thoracic aortic aneurysm, intracranial (berry) aneurysm, and peripheral arterial aneurysms such as femoral or popliteal. The risk of rupture increases with size, growth rate, and certain patient factors. Aneurysms may be detected incidentally on imaging or present with symptoms related to expansion or rupture.

Causes and risk factors are multifactorial. Atherosclerosis, hypertension, and smoking are major contributors, along with age, male sex, and family history. Underlying connective tissue disorders (such as Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndromes), trauma, infections, and inflammatory conditions can also predispose to aneurysm formation.

Symptoms vary. Many aneurysms are asymptomatic until they enlarge or rupture. An abdominal aneurysm may cause a pulsatile abdominal mass or back pain; intracranial aneurysms may cause headache or neurological symptoms if they rupture. Rupture is a medical emergency with high mortality if not treated promptly. Diagnosis relies on imaging, including ultrasound screening for AAA, and CT or MR angiography for detailed assessment.

Treatment ranges from surveillance for small, stable aneurysms to repair for larger or enlarging ones. Open surgical repair or endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) are common options, selected based on location, size, and patient factors. Prevention focuses on risk factor modification, especially smoking cessation and blood pressure control.