Androgene

Androgene, or androgens, are a group of steroid hormones that influence the development and maintenance of male characteristics and reproductive function. The principal androgens in humans are testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and androstenedione. They are produced mainly by the testes in males, by the ovaries in females, and by the adrenal glands in both sexes. Production is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis through gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Androgene exert their effects by binding to the androgen receptor, a nuclear transcription factor that modulates gene expression and cellular function. They influence the development of male internal and external genitalia during fetal growth, promote secondary sexual characteristics during puberty, and support spermatogenesis, libido, muscle mass, bone density, and red blood cell production. In women, androgene contribute to ovarian function, bone health, and sexual function, at lower circulating levels.

Clinical relevance centers on balance: hypogonadism or androgen deficiency can reduce sexual function, fertility, muscle mass, and bone density; hyperandrogenism can cause hirsutism, acne, and menstrual irregularities and is characteristic of conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome in some individuals. Management may involve hormone replacement, antiandrogens, or GnRH analogs, depending on the condition. Androgene are also used therapeutically in certain contexts, while anabolic-androgenic steroids pose health risks and are regulated in sports.

Measurement typically includes serum total and free testosterone, with levels varying by age, time of day, and individual factors.