Altbau

Altbau is a term used in Germany and other German-speaking regions to describe older residential buildings that were constructed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, before the Second World War. In cities such as Berlin and Vienna, Altbau typically refers to multi-family apartment blocks from this era, contrasted with postwar and modern buildings. These structures are often central to historic city centers and neighborhoods that developed during rapid urbanization.

Architectural features commonly associated with Altbau include masonry construction with plaster façades, high ceilings (often around 3 meters or more), and large sash windows. Interiors frequently preserve or resemble original details such as wooden floorboards or parquet, decorative plasterwork (Stuck) around doors and ceilings, transom windows above doors, and sometimes bay windows (Erker). Buildings may have a central stairwell, inner courtyards, and varied floor plans with several rooms per apartment. In many cities, certain Altbau blocks are protected as cultural monuments.

Modernization and living conditions vary. Because Altbau dates from an era with different standards for energy efficiency, retrofit work—such as improved insulation, modern heating systems, and updated bathrooms—is common, though it can be restricted by preservation rules in listed properties. Elevators are present in some houses but not all, and upper-floor apartments can require stairs or shaft renovations. Residents often value the high ceilings, abundant daylight, and spacious room layouts, even as maintenance and upgrades add to ongoing costs.

Heritage and economy. Many Altbau are either protected as monuments or located in conservation areas, influencing permitted alterations and tax incentives. Rents and purchase prices depend on location, condition, and the availability of original architectural features, with central districts typically commanding higher prices due to desirable layouts and aesthetics.