Alkoholisme

Alkoholisme is a chronic disease characterized by an ongoing, compulsive use of alcohol, cravings, loss of control over intake, and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking. It is commonly referred to in clinical contexts as an alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Causes and risk factors include genetic predisposition, neurobiological changes, coexisting mental health conditions, and environmental or cultural factors that influence drinking norms. The condition typically progresses from regular heavy use to stable dependence for many individuals.

Health effects are broad and can include liver disease such as fatty liver and cirrhosis, pancreatitis, cardiovascular problems, certain cancers, digestive disorders, sleep disturbances, and mental health issues like depression and anxiety. Alcohol use during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment. In many health systems, alcohol use disorder is defined by criteria in DSM-5 or ICD-11, which focus on impaired control, cravings, tolerance, withdrawal, and continued use despite harmful consequences.

Treatment is individualized and may include medically supervised withdrawal, pharmacotherapies such as naltrexone, acamprosate, or disulfiram, and psychosocial interventions like motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, and structured support groups. Long-term recovery often requires ongoing care, lifestyle changes, and management of co-occurring conditions.

Prevention and public health efforts aim to reduce harm, improve access to evidence-based treatment, and address social determinants that contribute to problematic drinking.