Alkalointia

Alkalointia, or alkalinization, is the process of increasing the alkalinity (pH) of a solution or tissue. It is used in chemistry, environmental science, medicine, and physiology. In simple terms, alkalinity refers to the capacity to neutralize acids and is distinct from pH. In water chemistry, total alkalinity is mainly determined by carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide ions and serves as a buffering capacity against pH changes. Alkalinization can be achieved by adding bases such as sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate, or by processes that remove acids.

In medicine and clinical toxicology, urinary alkalinization refers to raising urine pH to favor the excretion of certain substances. It is typically achieved with intravenous or oral sodium bicarbonate and requires close monitoring of acid-base status and electrolytes. Indications include management of poisonings with weak acids (for example salicylates and phenobarbital) where increased ionization of the drug in urine reduces reabsorption in the renal tubules. For drugs that are weak bases, urine acidification is used instead to enhance elimination. Urinary alkalinization must be carefully controlled to avoid metabolic alkalosis, volume overload, and electrolyte disturbances.

Beyond clinical uses, alkalointia is a general concept in environmental and industrial contexts. In water treatment and aquaculture, increasing alkalinity helps stabilize pH and protects aquatic life from acidification. In clinical laboratories and physiology, buffering systems such as bicarbonate and phosphate play central roles in maintaining blood pH and tissue function. The procedure is not without risk and is generally performed under professional supervision, especially when correcting systemic acid-base disorders or poisoning.