Alergiami

Alergiami are a group of immune-mediated conditions characterized by an exaggerated response of the immune system to otherwise harmless substances, known as allergens. Reactions can affect the skin, airways, and digestive tract and vary in severity from mild to life-threatening. They typically involve sensitization and release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine.

Most allergic reactions are IgE-mediated, but non-IgE and mixed mechanisms exist. Common triggers include pollen, dust mites, animal dander, molds, certain foods, insect venoms, and some medications. Genetic predisposition (atopy) and environmental exposures influence risk, while infections and gut microbiome may modulate the response.

Distinct clinical syndromes linked to alergiami include allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, asthma with allergic triggers, atopic dermatitis, and various food allergies. In severe cases anaphylaxis can occur after exposure to a trigger, requiring immediate treatment with epinephrine and emergency medical care.

Diagnosis relies on clinical history and tests such as skin prick testing and serum specific IgE measurement. In some situations oral food challenges or supervised exposure tests are used. Management focuses on avoiding known allergens when possible, symptom-relief medications, and in selected cases, allergen immunotherapy.

Prevention emphasizes reducing exposure to relevant allergens and education about recognizing early symptoms and when to seek care. The prognosis varies with age, allergen type, and treatment access; some allergies persist into adulthood, while others, particularly in children, may lessen over time with appropriate care.