Aktuator

An actuator is a device that converts energy into mechanical motion or force. Actuators provide either linear or rotary movement and are driven by electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic energy. They form the core of systems that require controlled displacement, force, or torque.

Electric actuators use electric motors (DC, servo, or stepper) or piezoelectric elements to create motion. Hydraulic actuators generate high force and torque through fluid pressure, delivering smooth, heavy linear movement. Pneumatic actuators rely on compressed air for fast, lightweight actuation with moderate force. Thermal and magnetic actuators are used for specialized applications.

Typical components include the housing, energy source, drive mechanism, output shaft or rod, and control or feedback devices such as encoders, potentiometers, or limit switches. Many actuators operate in closed-loop systems with sensors and controllers to achieve precise positioning and repeatability.

Actuators are controlled directly by signals from controllers or embedded within mechatronic systems. They may operate open-loop or with feedback for position, velocity, or torque control. Reliability, response time, and energy efficiency are central design considerations.

Common applications include automation and robotics, process control valves, aerospace actuators for control surfaces, automotive systems such as throttle and braking actuators, and HVAC dampers. The choice of actuator depends on required force, speed, control accuracy, environmental conditions, and integration with sensing and power electronics.