Aknák

Aknák are vertical openings in a mine or underground facility that provide access to deeper levels and enable the movement of people, equipment, and materials. In Hungarian mining terminology, akna is the term for a shaft or vertical passage.

They may be natural or created by human excavation. In mining, shafts are sunk or dug from the surface down to reach ore zones and to establish a conduit for hoisting, ventilation, and drainage. Shafts are typically lined with timber, brick, concrete, or steel to prevent collapse and to control water inflow.

The primary functions of aknák are to house hoists or cages for transporting ore and personnel to the surface, to convey fresh air to underground workings, and to remove water and gasses. Modern shafts often incorporate dedicated ventilation ducts, pumping systems, and management of the shaft lining and safety systems. They may connect multiple levels within a mine, or serve as dedicated access routes for maintenance and operations.

In civil engineering and urban infrastructure, the term akna can also refer to vertical access shafts for utilities, ventilation, or drainage, sometimes built as part of a tunnel or underground station system.

Safety and regulation around aknák emphasize structural support, water control, gas monitoring, communications, escape routes, and regular inspection. Proper design, construction, and maintenance reduce the risks of collapse, flooding, and hazardous atmospheres.