Adenomapolyypit

Adenomapolyypit, or adenomatous polyps, are benign mucosal growths that arise from the glandular epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly in the colon and rectum. They are clinically important because they can develop into colorectal cancer if not detected and removed. Adenomas can also occur in the stomach and small intestine, but they are far less common there.

Histologically, adenomas are classified by architecture and dysplasia: tubular adenomas (the most common and typically smallest risk), tubulovillous adenomas, and villous adenomas (the highest risk of progression). Some adenomas exhibit high-grade dysplasia. Size is a key risk factor; lesions larger than 1 cm have a greater chance of harboring advanced histology or progressing to cancer.

Adenomas are usually asymptomatic. When symptoms occur, they may include occult gastrointestinal bleeding or iron-deficiency anemia. They are most often discovered during endoscopic screening, with colonoscopy being the primary modality. Diagnosis is confirmed by histopathological examination after polypectomy or biopsy.

Management is preventive: endoscopic removal of adenomas reduces the risk of colorectal cancer. Surveillance intervals after polypectomy depend on the number, size, histology, and dysplasia of the removed polyps, as well as patient risk factors. In individuals with hereditary syndromes like familial adenomatous polyposis, management may involve intensified surveillance and genetic counseling.

Prognosis is closely linked to timely detection and complete removal. Regular screening is the most effective measure to prevent cancer arising from adenomatous polyps.