Acneiformes

Acneiformes refers to dermatologic eruptions that resemble acne and share features such as inflammatory papules and pustules, often on the face and upper trunk. The term describes appearance rather than a single disease, and acneiform lesions can vary in their underlying cause and course.

Etiology is diverse. Acne vulgaris is a common baseline condition that can present with acneiform features. Drug-induced acneiform eruptions occur with systemic corticosteroids, androgens, lithium, certain anticonvulsants, and other medications. Endocrine disorders, notably polycystic ovary syndrome, can contribute to acneiform outbreaks. Infections such as bacterial folliculitis or inflammatory dermatoses like rosacea can mimic acneiform patterns. Environmental factors, cosmetics, occlusion, and toxins (for example chloracne from certain chemicals) can also produce acneiform-like eruptions. The presence or absence of comedones and the pattern of lesions often help distinguish etiologies but are not always definitive.

Clinical features typically include monomorphic or similar-appearing papules and pustules, with variable involvement of the face, chest, or back. Comedones may be sparse or absent, and lesions can be inflamed or tender. The course ranges from self-limited to persistent, and scarring is possible with more inflamed forms.

Evaluation and management emphasize history and physical examination to identify potential causes. In suspected drug-induced acneiform eruptions, stopping the offending medication is essential. Treatment follows the underlying cause and may include gentle skin care, topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, topical or oral antibiotics, hormonal therapy for appropriate patients, or systemic agents such as isotretinoin for severe or refractory cases. Referral to a dermatologist is common for persistent or atypical presentations.