dermatoses

Dermatoses is a collective term for diseases of the skin and its appendages (hair and nails). It covers a broad spectrum of conditions, including inflammatory disorders such as dermatitis, eczema, and psoriasis; infectious diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses; genetic and metabolic skin disorders; vesiculobullous diseases; pigmentary and keratinization disorders; neoplasms; and hypersensitivity reactions. The term is used in clinical and research settings to group skin diseases that are not limited to a single diagnosis.

Clinical features vary, but common signs include rash, itch, scaling, crusting, vesicles, plaques, pigment changes, and hair or nail involvement. The morphology, distribution, and patient history guide evaluation. Diagnostic workup may involve skin scrapings and cultures, histopathology (skin biopsy), dermoscopy, and laboratory testing as indicated.

Management depends on the underlying condition and typically combines skin care with disease-directed therapy. Nonpharmacologic measures include gentle cleansing, barrier repair with emollients, and trigger avoidance. Pharmacologic treatments may include topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors for inflammation; keratolytics and moisturizers for scaling; antifungal or antibiotic agents for infection. For extensive, chronic, or refractory disease, systemic therapies such as oral retinoids, methotrexate, cyclosporine, or biologic agents, and phototherapy may be used under specialist care.

Prognosis varies by condition; many dermatoses are chronic with periods of flares and remission. The overall outcome depends on accurate diagnosis, access to care, and adherence to treatment.

Epidemiology: Dermatoses are common worldwide and affect people of all ages, with patterns differing by region and age group.