9K31M

The 9K31M, also known by its NATO reporting name SA-8 Gecko or its GRAU index 9K31M, is a Soviet-designed self-propelled, low-altitude, short-range surface-to-air missile system. It was developed in the late 1960s and entered service with the Soviet Army in 1972. The system is designed to engage low-flying aircraft, helicopters, and cruise missiles in all weather conditions, day and night.

The 9K31M is mounted on a tracked all-terrain vehicle, the BAZ-5937, which provides mobility and protection for the crew. The vehicle carries four ready-to-launch missiles in a raised, rotating launcher platform. It also carries four additional missiles in a stowed position within the vehicle, which can be rapidly loaded onto the launcher. The radar system is integrated into the vehicle, allowing for autonomous operation. The system typically operates in a battery of four vehicles.

The missile itself is a solid-propellant, radar-guided weapon. It utilizes semi-active radar homing for guidance. The system's engagement range is typically between 1.5 and 10 kilometers, with an altitude coverage of approximately 20 to 5,000 meters. The 9K31M has been exported to numerous countries and has seen combat in various conflicts. While an older system, its mobility and all-weather capability made it a significant threat in its era. It has since been succeeded by more advanced Russian air defense systems.