3d

Three-dimensional (3D) refers to objects or space that have length, width, and height. In mathematics and physics, a 3D coordinate system uses three axes, commonly labeled x, y, and z. Most objects in the real world are three-dimensional, and 3D contrasts with two-dimensional (2D) representations that have only two coordinates.

In computing, 3D data describe shape and volume. Models are typically stored as meshes (often triangles), but other representations exist, such as point clouds, voxel grids, and NURBS. Common file formats include STL, OBJ, FBX, GLTF/GLB, and 3MF. 3D modeling software is used across industries to create, modify, and animate shapes.

Rendering is the process of generating 2D images from 3D models by simulating light and material properties. Real-time rendering powers interactive applications like video games and virtual reality, while offline rendering is used in visual effects and animation. Some displays use stereoscopic techniques to present a 3D effect, requiring special glasses or headsets.

3D technology also enables printing and fabrication; 3D printing builds objects layer by layer from digital models. 3D scanning records real-world objects to create digital equivalents. Applications span manufacturing, architecture, medicine, automotive, entertainment, education, and scientific visualization.