1413

1413 (MCCCXIII) was a common year in the Julian calendar. It featured notable political and cultural developments across Europe and beyond, set against the ongoing uncertainties of the late medieval world.

In England, the death of King Henry IV led to the accession of his son, Henry V, a transition that would shape the later stages of the Hundred Years’ War with France. The change at the crown reflected broader dynastic shifts and the maintenance of royal authority during a turbulent period of minority and conflict in parts of Europe.

In the Ottoman realm, Mehmed I became sultan following the Ottoman Interregnum, restoring unity after a period of civil war. His accession marked the beginning of a more centralized administration and set the stage for renewed expansion and consolidation in the Balkan and Anatolian regions.

In Ming China, maritime expeditions continued as part of the Yongle era’s broader program of exploration and tribute diplomacy. 1413 is associated with the fifth voy­age of Zheng He, extending Chinese presence and influence across the Indian Ocean and along East Africa’s coast.

In Scotland, the University of St Andrews was founded in 1413 by papal bull issued by Benedict XIII, becoming one of the oldest universities in the English-speaking world and contributing to higher learning in the region.

Religious and political affairs continued to be unsettled in Christendom, with the Western Schism persisting through rival papal claims. The schism would not be resolved until the Council of Constance in 1417, a watershed event in church history.

Overall, 1413 was marked by leadership changes, institutional foundations, and ongoing interstate and religious tensions that would influence regional trajectories for years to come.