üslub

**Üslub** refers to a traditional Turkish musical mode or scale, deeply rooted in the classical music of the Ottoman Empire and later the Turkish Republic. The term originates from the Arabic *uslūb*, meaning "manner" or "style," and is closely associated with the *makam* system, a modal framework that defines the tonal structure of Turkish classical music.

In the *makam* system, üslub represents a specific melodic framework that guides improvisation and composition. Each üslub is characterized by its unique collection of intervals, melodic contours, and emotional qualities. These modes are often categorized based on their tonal center, such as *Hicaz*, *Rast*, or *Segah*, each carrying distinct expressive traits. Üslubs are not fixed scales but rather flexible frameworks that allow for variation and artistic interpretation.

The study and performance of üslubs are central to *Türk Sanat Müziği* (Turkish Art Music), a genre that blends Persian, Arab, and Byzantine influences. Musicians, particularly *ud* (lute) players and *ney* (flute) performers, use üslubs to convey emotional depth and narrative in their improvisations. The system also extends to vocal music, where singers like Neyzen Tevfik and Muzaffer Sarısözen have preserved and developed these modal traditions.

Üslubs remain an essential part of Turkish musical heritage, influencing both classical and contemporary genres. Their study involves understanding the theoretical underpinnings of the *makam* system, as well as practical mastery of melodic phrasing and rhythmic patterns. While modern Turkish music has diversified, the tradition of üslub continues to be celebrated as a cornerstone of the country’s musical identity.