úvula

úvula, commonly referred to in English as the uvula, is a small, conical projection that hangs from the posterior edge of the soft palate at the back of the throat. It is typically about 1–2 cm in length and varies in size among individuals.

Anatomically, the uvula consists of a mucosal covering overlying connective tissue and a small core of skeletal muscle, the musculus uvulae, which is part of the intrinsic muscles of the soft palate. The muscle shortens and elevates the uvula when the soft palate rises.

Its functions include assisting with swallowing by helping to close off the nasopharynx, aiding in speech resonance, and contributing to the gag reflex; the uvula also helps prevent nasal regurgitation during swallowing.

Variations and conditions: bifid uvula (split uvula) is a recognized variation and can be associated with submucous cleft palate in some cases. An elongated or hypertrophied uvula (uvular elongation) may contribute to snoring or obstructive sleep symptoms. Inflammation of the uvula, uvulitis, can occur with infections or irritation from drying, smoking, or trauma, causing swelling and soreness.

Treatment considerations: most uvular variations require no treatment. Surgical options, such as uvuloplasty or uvulectomy, may be considered in cases of persistent snoring, sleep apnea, or recurrent uvulitis; decisions are individualized and made by clinicians.