uvulae

The uvula, or palatine uvula, is a small, fleshy, midline projection that extends from the posterior edge of the soft palate in the oropharynx. In humans, there is typically a single uvula; the plural form uvulae is used when referring to multiple structures, such as in comparative anatomy or rare variants where more than one uvula is present. The uvula consists of connective tissue, mucous glands, and the muscle called musculus uvulae, which helps shorten and elevate the uvula. It is supplied by the surrounding soft-tissue structures of the palate and receives innervation through branches of the pharyngeal plexus.

Functions attributed to the uvula include aiding in swallowing by helping seal off the nasopharynx, contributing to saliva distribution, and supporting articulation of certain sounds in some languages. It may also play a role in the gag reflex and in maintaining moisture of the soft palate. The exact contribution of the uvula to speech and swallowing varies among individuals and languages, and some scientists consider its function to be supplementary rather than essential.

Variation is common. A bifid (split) uvula is a notable anatomical variant and can be associated with submucous cleft palate or other craniofacial conditions. An elongated or inflamed uvula, a condition known as uvulitis, can occur with infections or irritation and may cause discomfort or an altered gag reflex. In clinical practice, the uvula may be modified surgically (uvuloplasty or, less commonly, uvullectomy) to address snoring or obstructive sleep apnea in select cases.