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Aging, also known as senescence, is a complex biological process characterized by a progressive decline in physiological function. The exact causes of aging are not fully understood, but several theories attempt to explain this phenomenon. One prominent theory is the wear and tear theory, which suggests that damage accumulates in cells and tissues over time due to internal and external factors, leading to a gradual loss of function. Another significant area of research focuses on genetic factors. DNA damage, mutations, and telomere shortening are believed to play a crucial role in cellular aging. Telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, shorten with each cell division, eventually triggering cellular senescence or apoptosis.

The free radical theory proposes that aging is caused by the accumulation of damage from reactive oxygen species, or free radicals, which are byproducts of normal metabolic processes. These unstable molecules can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, contributing to cellular dysfunction and aging. The programmed aging theory posits that aging is a genetically determined process, with specific genes and pathways regulating the lifespan of an organism. Hormonal changes also contribute to aging, as declines in certain hormones, such as growth hormone and sex hormones, are associated with age-related physiological changes. Furthermore, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed when sugars bind to proteins or fats, is thought to contribute to tissue stiffness and impaired function, accelerating the aging process. Research continues to explore the intricate interplay of these factors in understanding and potentially mitigating the effects of aging.