Überlastungstoxizität

Überlastungstoxizität describes a type of toxicity that occurs when an organism is exposed to a substance at a dose or rate that exceeds the capacity of its metabolic or detoxification pathways. Instead of the substance being efficiently broken down, excreted, or otherwise neutralized, it accumulates in the body, leading to adverse effects. This accumulation can overwhelm cellular processes, damage tissues, or disrupt physiological functions.

The concept is distinct from intrinsic toxicity, where a substance is inherently harmful even at low doses due to its chemical properties. Überlastungstoxizität arises from a quantitative rather than a qualitative issue. For example, a substance that is normally readily metabolized might become toxic if its intake is too high, causing the enzymes responsible for its breakdown to become saturated.

Factors influencing Überlastungstoxizität include the dose and duration of exposure, the route of administration, and the individual's physiological state, including age, health, and genetic predisposition affecting metabolic enzyme activity. It is a crucial consideration in toxicology, pharmacology, and environmental health, informing risk assessments and the establishment of safe exposure limits for various chemicals and drugs. Understanding this mechanism helps in differentiating between harmless exposure and potentially dangerous overexposure.