zoonozlar

Zoonozlar, or zoonoses, are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, and they range from mild to severe illnesses. Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected animals, bites or scratches, consumption of contaminated food or water, exposure to contaminated environments, and indirectly via vectors such as ticks or mosquitoes or through handling animal products.

Reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens include domestic animals, livestock, wildlife, and environmental sources. Human infection can arise when pathogens adapt to human hosts or when people interact closely with animals, farm settings, or wildlife habitats. Many zoonoses are associated with farming, animal markets, or the trade and transport of animals and animal products.

Common examples include rabies, various foodborne illnesses such as Salmonella and Campylobacter infections, and vector-borne diseases such as West Nile virus and certain strains of avian influenza. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for COVID-19, is believed to have a zoonotic origin, illustrating how new pathogens can emerge from animal hosts and adapt to humans.

Global health significance is substantial: zoonoses account for a large share of emerging infectious diseases and pose risks to health, food security, and economies, especially where human–animal interactions are intense. Prevention and control rely on a One Health approach that integrates human, animal, and environmental health. Key measures include surveillance in animal populations, vaccination of animals where feasible, safe farming practices, food safety and proper slaughtering, vector control, hygiene, and public education to reduce spillover and improve outbreak response.