zomer

Zomer is the warmest season in temperate climates and marks a period of long days and high solar intensity. In the Northern Hemisphere, meteorological summer runs from June through August, while astronomical summer begins with the summer solstice around June 20–21 and ends with the autumnal equinox around September 22–23. In the Southern Hemisphere, the seasons are opposite, with summer typically from December to February.

The term zomer in Dutch is etymologically related to the English word summer. It originates from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz and is cognate with German Sommer, English summer, and Swedish sommar. The word reflects a shared Germanic heritage for the season across related languages.

Climatically, zomer is characterized by longer daylight hours and a higher sun angle, which generally increases mean temperatures. Weather can vary widely by region, with some areas experiencing heat waves and others more moderate warmth and seasonal rainfall. The season often coincides with the primary growing period for many crops and plants, as well as increased outdoor activity and tourism in many cultures.

Culturally, zomer is associated with holidays, vacations, and outdoor recreation. In many countries, schools close for a summer break, and people take trips, attend festivals, or engage in outdoor sports. Agricultural cycles, biodiversity, and ecosystems respond to the warmer, longer days typical of this season.

See also: summer solstice, climate and seasons.