wirelessnetwork

Wireless networks connect devices without fixed cabling using radio or other wireless methods. They enable devices to share data and access resources and the internet. Common forms include local area networks (WLANs), wide area networks (WWANs), and personal area networks (WPANs).

The most common technology for WLANs is Wi‑Fi (IEEE 802.11), operating in unlicensed bands such as 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, with 6 GHz used by Wi‑Fi 6E and later. Cellular networks (3G/4G/5G) provide wide-area mobile access. Short-range links use Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) for device-to-device connections; Zigbee and Z-Wave target low-power IoT. Backhaul and point-to-point links may use microwave or millimeter-wave frequencies.

Topology and components: Infrastructure mode uses access points and routers; ad hoc networks connect devices directly. Wireless mesh networks extend coverage by interconnecting multiple nodes. Components include access points, wireless routers, switches, and controllers; security and management infrastructure oversees configuration, firmware, and access control.

Security and management: Wireless networks are exposed to eavesdropping, unauthorized access, and interference. Protective measures include encryption such as WPA2 and WPA3, robust authentication, strong passwords, regular updates, and network segmentation.

Applications and trends: Wireless networks support home, enterprise, public hotspots, and IoT; evolving standards such as Wi‑Fi 6/6E/7 and 5G expand capacity and performance. Ongoing developments emphasize security, mechanisms like beamforming and wireless backhaul improvements, and increased automation.