välfärd

Välfärd is the Swedish term for welfare, referring to policies and institutions that aim to secure citizens' well-being through income security, healthcare, education, housing, and social services. In Sweden, the welfare state expanded during the 20th century and is closely associated with social democratic reformism, a strong public sector, and a commitment to reducing poverty and social inequality. The model emphasizes universal access and redistribution financed largely through taxation.

Key components of the Swedish welfare system include healthcare, which is publicly funded and widely accessible; publicly financed education from preschool through higher education; a pension system consisting of a national public pension and occupational pensions; unemployment, sickness, and disability benefits; and family policy, including paid parental leave and child allowances. Housing support and social services for vulnerable groups are also important elements.

Funding and administration are primarily public. The system is organized at national, regional, and municipal levels, with a substantial tax base supporting universal services. While private providers exist, they operate within a framework of public funding and regulation to maintain universal access and quality standards.

Historical context and debates. The modern welfare state grew out of postwar reforms and the Nordic model, balancing high levels of public provision with active labor-market policies. In recent decades, Sweden has faced debates over sustainability, efficiency, and the appropriate mix of public provision and private involvement, particularly in a changing economy and aging population. Välfärd remains a central, defining feature of Swedish social policy.