vomitus

Vomitus, also known as vomit or emesis, is the material expelled from the stomach through the mouth during the act of vomiting. In medical contexts, vomitus refers to the contents of the stomach and often to the process of ejecting them. The term derives from Latin vomitus, meaning something that has been vomited.

Composition and appearance vary with the contents of the stomach. Vomitus typically contains partially digested food, gastric secretions such as hydrochloric acid, mucus, and enzymes; bile may be present if the duodenum is involved. Colors range from clear or white to yellow-green, brown, or “coffee-ground” red-brown when blood has been digested. The odor and texture can reflect recent meals or gastric irritation. Blood in vomitus suggests possible mucosal injury, ulceration, or more serious conditions.

Physiology and triggers. Vomiting is a reflex coordinated by the brainstem, involving the emetic center and the chemoreceptor trigger zone, with input from the gastrointestinal tract, vestibular system, higher brain centers, and other stimuli. Triggers include infections (gastroenteritis), intestinal obstruction, toxins or poisons, pregnancy, migraine, motion sickness, and side effects from medications or anesthesia.

Clinical significance and management. Vomitus signals various underlying conditions, from benign gastroenteritis to life-threatening emergencies. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, ensuring airway protection and hydration, and using antiemetics (for example, ondansetron or metoclopramide) as appropriate. In suspected gastric outlet obstruction, poisoning, or significant blood loss, urgent evaluation is required.

See also: emesis, antiemetic, nausea.