vivaces

Vivaces is the French horticultural term for perennial plants—plants that persist for more than two years. In English gardening usage, the corresponding category is simply perennials. The term typically refers to herbaceous perennials that regrow from crowns or roots after winter or dry spells; in milder climates, some evergreen perennials also fall under vivaces. They contrast with annuals, which complete a life cycle in a single season, and biennials, which take two years.

Most vivaces are herbaceous: the above-ground growth often dies back in autumn and re-sprouts from the crown in spring. Some remain leafy year-round in mild climates. They cover a wide range of sizes, flower at different times, and tolerate diverse soil types when given appropriate care.

Cultural requirements vary by species, but common needs include well-drained soil, sun to partial shade, and regular moisture. Division every few years helps maintain vigor and can refresh flowering; this is usually done in spring or fall. Propagation by seed is possible for many species but may produce variable offspring. Some tender varieties require mulch or winter protection.

Examples of well-known vivaces include peonies, hostas, daylilies (Hemerocallis), irises, phlox, echinacea (coneflowers), rudbeckias (black-eyed Susans), salvias, and hardy geraniums. They are widely used in borders, rock gardens, groundcover plantings, and pollinator-friendly landscapes because they provide year-to-year structure and repeated blooms.

Etymology: the word derives from Latin vivax, "long-lived." In gardening, vivaces emphasize long-term presence and phased flowering rather than a single-season display.