visualvestibular

Visual-vestibular refers to the integrated processing of visual and vestibular information to support balance, spatial orientation, and perception of self-motion. The visual system provides information about the surrounding environment and optic flow indicating motion, while the vestibular system, located in the inner ear, detects head position, acceleration, and rotational movement through the semicircular canals and otolith organs. Together they supply cues used to stabilize gaze, maintain posture, and navigate space.

The brain combines these cues in brainstem vestibular nuclei, the cerebellum, and cortical areas such as the parietal and temporal lobes. This integration supports reflexes like the vestibulo-ocular reflex that keeps images stable on the retina during head movement and higher-level perception of motion and position.

When visual and vestibular inputs conflict, the system reweights sensory information, which can lead to motion sickness or vertigo in some cases. Visual-vestibular interactions are influenced by attention, expectations, and prior experience.

Clinical relevance: Dysfunction can cause dizziness, imbalance, and spatial disorientation. Assessments include balance tests, dynamic visual acuity, caloric testing, rotary chair testing, and functional gait evaluation. Rehabilitation may involve vestibular therapy, gaze stabilization exercises, habituation to motion cues, and virtual reality-based training to reduce symptoms and improve integration.

Development and variability: Sensorimotor integration improves during infancy and adapts with experience. Age-related decline in vestibular function alters visual reliance, a process termed sensory reweighting. Individuals with vestibular loss often rely more on visual input for balance.