virhekuorma

Virhekuorma (error load) is a concept used in structural engineering, statistics, and reliability analysis to represent the portion of a load that arises from measurement or estimation errors. In practice, the true load on a system equals the intended load plus this error component, or, in probabilistic terms, L = L0 + ε, where ε is a random variable with a zero or near-zero mean and a dispersion reflecting instrumentation accuracy, data quality, and modelling uncertainties.

Design codes often incorporate virhekuorma into load combinations to ensure safety under uncertainty. The distribution of ε is typically derived from calibration data, sensor specifications, or historical measurements and can be modelled as Gaussian or bounded by maximum error limits.

Use of virhekuorma enables propagation of uncertainty through analyses such as finite element simulation or reliability assessment, contributing to safer, more economical designs. In practice, engineers may employ Monte Carlo simulations or analytical approximations to assess the impact of the error load and determine appropriate partial safety factors or confidence levels.

Limitations include the need for reliable data to characterize ε; poor estimation can lead to over-conservative or unconservative designs. Virhekuorma is related to broader concepts of measurement error, uncertainty quantification, and stochastic load modelling.

See also: uncertainty, load combination, partial safety factor, probabilistic design, reliability engineering.