venomspitting

Venomspitting is a defensive behavior observed in certain venomous snakes, most notably spitting cobras of the genus Naja, in which venom is discharged from the fangs as a spray toward a threat. The primary aim is to deter predators by causing intense eye irritation and pain, increasing the chance that the attacker will retreat rather than bite.

Mechanism and effects: Spitting cobras have specialized fangs with grooves that allow venom to be expelled as a directed spray. When threatened, the venom glands contract and propel venom through the fangs toward the target. Distances of one to several meters are typical. The venom is usually cytotoxic and locally damaging; exposure to the eyes can cause severe pain, tearing, corneal damage, and, with sufficient exposure, temporary or permanent blindness.

Distribution and behavior: Spitting behavior occurs in several African and Asian cobras within the genus Naja. Spitting is a defensive tactic rather than a hunting method. If contact occurs, a bite may still be delivered, but spitting provides a way to deter threats at a distance before an encounter becomes physical.

Medical relevance and first aid: Eye exposure requires immediate flushing with clean water or saline for at least 15–30 minutes and avoidance of rubbing the eyes. Seek urgent medical evaluation, particularly for persistent pain or visual disturbance. Systemic effects from eye exposure are uncommon; antivenom is used for systemic envenomation or severe bites, not routine ocular exposure.