vectorgraphics

Vector graphics are images created with mathematical descriptions of shapes such as points, lines, curves, and polygons. Unlike raster images, which store color values for individual pixels, vector graphics define objects by formulas, making them scalable and resolution-independent. Each element carries attributes for geometry, stroke, fill, and transformations, allowing edits and resizing without quality loss.

Vector data is stored in formats such as SVG, PDF, EPS, AI (Adobe Illustrator), and WMF/EMF. SVG is an open, XML-based standard used widely on the web. AI and EPS are common in professional publishing, while PDF supports both vector and raster content and is widely used for printing. Editors include Inkscape, Illustrator, CorelDRAW, and Affinity Designer.

Advantages of vector graphics include easy scalability, precise editing of individual objects, and relatively small file sizes for simple graphics. They offer strong typography control and consistent color handling. Limitations include limited suitability for photorealistic imagery, potential complexity when representing highly detailed textures, and variable rendering performance for very large or complex scenes on some hardware.

Common applications are logos, icons, typography, diagrams, technical drawings, and 2D illustration or animation. They are also used in printing workflows and in manufacturing processes such as CNC routing or laser cutting, where exact shapes and scalable outputs are important. The development of vector graphics has been influenced by page description languages like PostScript and by standards such as PDF and SVG, the latter becoming central to web graphics.