varietiesdialects

Varieties and dialects, commonly grouped under the label varietiesdialects, describe the range of forms that a language can take across communities and contexts. Generally, a language comprises multiple dialects and other varieties. A dialect is a regional or social form of a language characterized by systematic differences in pronunciation, grammar, and lexicon from other forms of the same language. The distinctions between dialects, standards, and other varieties can be influenced by politics and prestige as well as by linguistic distance.

Dialect continua: In many languages, neighboring dialects are highly similar, while distant dialects diverge more. This can produce a dialect continuum where any two speech varieties are linked by intermediate forms, even if distant varieties are not fully mutually intelligible.

Standard language and diglossia: In many societies, a standard or prestige variety is used in education, media, and official contexts, while other dialects are used in daily conversation. The relationship between standard and nonstandard varieties can reflect historical, political, and social factors rather than purely linguistic differences.

Methods and change: Sociolinguists study how variables such as region, class, ethnicity, and age affect speech. Dialect features can spread through communities via contact, migration, and media, leading to language change over time.

Attitudes: Perceptions of dialects vary, with some regarded as more prestigious or correct. These attitudes influence speakers' behavior, including code-switching and language acquisition. The study of varietiesdialects emphasizes descriptive analysis and respect for linguistic diversity.