vaksina

Vaksina is the Indonesian term for vaccine, a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an antigen derived from a weakened or inactivated pathogen, or a subunit of the pathogen, which stimulates the body's immune system to produce specific antibodies and memory cells. The concept of vaksina is grounded in germ theory and immunology, and its use dates back to the late 18th century with the first successful smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner.

Modern vaksina are classified by their composition and delivery method. Whole‑cell vaccines use killed or attenuated organisms, such as the bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine for tuberculosis. Subunit, recombinant and conjugate vaccines employ isolated proteins or polysaccharides; examples include the hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines. DNA and mRNA vaccines represent recent advances, capable of rapid adaptation to emerging pathogens as demonstrated during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Vaccines may be administered orally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or via live‑attenuated nasal spray depending on their formulation and target disease.

The production of vaksina follows stringent regulatory standards that include preclinical trials in cell cultures and animal models, followed by phased clinical trials in humans to assess safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. Post‑marketing surveillance monitors rare adverse events and supports continuous quality improvement. Global vaccination campaigns, coordinated by organizations such as the World Health Organization, have eliminated diseases like smallpox, reduced polio incidence, and lowered maternal and child mortality in many regions.

Public acceptance and proper vaccine delivery infrastructure remain critical challenges. Misinformation can erode trust, leading to vaccine hesitancy, while shortages of cold‑chain equipment can impede distribution in remote areas. Continued research, transparent communication, and equitable access are essential for sustaining the public health benefits that vaksina provide.