vaar

Vaar (Punjabi: ਵਾਰ) is a Punjabi literary form used in Sikh and Punjabi folk poetry. Literally meaning "ballad" or "ode," a vaar is a long narrative poem that typically recounts heroic deeds, religious legends, or historical events. It is often performed with traditional music and a musical cadence, and may be sung with a raga or tune in devotional or narrative contexts.

Origins and purpose: The tradition developed in medieval Punjab as a versatile vehicle for storytelling and moral instruction. Vaars commonly feature vivid scenes, direct address to the audience, repeated refrains, and a rhythm that aids memory and performance. They serve to preserve memory, convey ethical themes, and celebrate exemplary figures or events.

Notable examples: In Sikh literature, Bhai Gurdas composed a number of Vaars that became foundational for later exegesis. Chandi di Var, a well-known composition in the Dasam Granth attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, dramatizes the battles of the goddess Durga. Other vaars appear across Punjabi folk traditions and have been adapted in contemporary poetry and song.

Modern usage: Vaars are performed in religious settings and at cultural events, and have influenced modern Punjabi music and literature. The form remains a vehicle for historical memory, spiritual discourse, and artistic expression.

See also: Punjabi literature, Sikh scripture, Dasam Granth, Bhai Gurdas Vaars.