utgrupp

Utgrupp, or out-group in English, is a term used in sociology and social psychology to describe a social group perceived as different from or external to an individual’s own in-group. The concept is central to studies of intergroup relations, prejudice, and discrimination, and is often contrasted with ingrupp (in-group).

In group–out group dynamics, people tend to categorize others as belonging to their own group or to an out-group. Theories such as social identity theory propose that self-esteem is partly derived from group membership, which can foster in-group favoritism and, at times, hostility toward out-groups. Related biases include out-group homogeneity, the perception that members of an out-group are more alike than they actually are, contributing to stereotyping and generalized judgments about individuals.

An utgrupp can refer to any group that is not part of a person’s own group, including nationalities, ethnicities, religions, political affiliations, or fan communities. In contexts of competition or conflict, utgrupps may be framed as threats, intensifying bias and social distance between groups. Language about out-groups can influence attitudes and behavior, underscoring the importance of careful framing in discourse.

Research on utgrupp dynamics informs interventions aimed at reducing prejudice, such as structured intergroup contact, cooperative tasks, and institutions that promote equal status and shared goals. Critics warn that labeling groups as out-groups can entrench divisions if used to generalize or stigmatize, highlighting the need for nuanced, context-aware analysis in both academic and public discussions.