useofforce

Use of force refers to the actions taken by law enforcement officers, security personnel, or private individuals in response to threats or resistance, with the aim of restraining, deterring, or stopping harmful behavior. It ranges from verbal commands and presence to physical maneuvers and the use of weapons. Deadly force is a specific subset used only in situations where there is an imminent threat to life or grave bodily harm.

Legal and policy frameworks govern use of force through principles of necessity, proportionality, and reasonableness. In many jurisdictions, force must be justified by an imminent threat and tailored to the level of risk. Constitutional protections, statutory limits, and departmental policies require documentation, accountability, and medical care after incidents. Training and supervision are used to ensure compliance with these standards.

Common models describe a force continuum or escalation ladder, from non-physical presence and verbal commands, to soft controls (holds and grabs), to hard controls, less-lethal options (chemical agents, Tasers), and, as a last resort, firearms. De-escalation, time, and communication are emphasized to minimize harm and avoid the need for coercive force whenever possible.

Training and oversight focus on decision-making, scenario-based practice, and safety. Agencies typically require use-of-force reports, body-worn cameras, and independent reviews or investigations to assess compliance with policy and law, with an emphasis on transparency and learning from incidents.

Context and variations exist across jurisdictions. While private security and civilians may have different standards, core principles—necessity, proportionality, and accountability—are widely recognized in international guidance on the use of force.