underrepresentation

Underrepresentation is the condition in which a group appears in a given setting at a rate lower than expected based on its size in a defined population or benchmark. It is a concept used across domains such as the workforce, education, politics, media, and science, where the share of the group does not match its share in the relevant population.

Measurement of underrepresentation often uses metrics such as representation ratios, gaps between observed shares and benchmark shares, or parity indices. Benchmarks may be the general population, eligible populations, or target goals. Data limitations, varying benchmarks, and differing definitions of groups can complicate assessment.

Causes of underrepresentation include structural barriers, discrimination, unequal access to education and opportunities, pipeline effects, and geographic or socio-economic factors. The issue can arise from both supply-side factors (fewer qualified candidates) and demand-side factors (hiring, admissions, or selection practices that disadvantage certain groups).

Consequences can include reduced diversity of perspectives, inefficiencies, and the perpetuation of inequities. Underrepresentation can influence policy choices, innovation, trust in institutions, and the perceived legitimacy of decisions or outcomes.

Examples commonly cited involve women and ethnic or racial minorities in leadership roles, senior positions in business and government, or participation in STEM fields, where group shares fall short of their representation in the relevant population. Strategies to address underrepresentation include proactive recruitment, mentorship and sponsorship programs, scholarships, unbiased selection practices, transparency and accountability in reporting, and targeted policies or quotas where appropriate. Balancing these measures with merit and inclusion is essential to avoid tokenism and ensure meaningful progress.