underklasser

Underklasser, the Swedish term for 'subclasses', refers to two main concepts depending on context: in programming and in sociology. In object-oriented programming, an underklass (subclass) is a class that inherits from a base class, acquiring its fields and methods while adding or modifying functionality. Subclasses enable specialization and polymorphism; for instance, a base class 'Vehicle' can have a subclass 'Car' that adds attributes like numberOfDoors. In languages that support inheritance, subclasses can override methods and implement abstract methods defined in the superclass. Many languages support single inheritance (Java, C#) while others support multiple inheritance (C++, Python) to varying extents. Access control and encapsulation govern how subclass code interacts with inherited members.

In sociology and public policy, underklass (often translated as 'underclass' or 'lower class') denotes a social stratum perceived to be persistently marginalized, with limited access to education, employment, and stable income. The concept is tied to long-term structural factors, including discrimination, geographic segregation, and welfare dynamics. Definitions vary, and the term is controversial due to potential stigmatization and methodological debates about measurement. Some analysts prefer descriptions such as 'socially excluded groups' or 'economically disadvantaged populations' to avoid labeling individuals.

The usage of underklass in research and media has fluctuated over time. In contemporary discourse, careful specification of indicators (income, employment, education, housing) and contextual factors is advised, regardless of whether the term is used in its sociological sense or merely as a translation of 'subclass' in programming contexts.