undercoloring

Undercoloring is a term used in color printing to describe the practice of reducing the amount of cyan, magenta, and yellow ink used in the darkest tonal regions of an image and substituting black (K) ink to achieve visually similar darkness. The technique aims to lower overall ink consumption, reduce ink spread, and improve stability and drying, particularly on absorbent printing stocks.

In a typical CMYK color separation, the darkest areas of a color can require a combination of C, M, and Y to appear velvety or near black. Undercoloring deliberately lowers those CMY values in the shadow regions and increases K so that the same perceived color is produced with less CMY ink. The approach is often used within broader color-management strategies and is closely related to gray component replacement.

Undercoloring is commonly discussed alongside UCR (undercolor removal) and GCR (gray component replacement). UCR focuses on reducing CMY in dark tones and relying more on black, while GCR extends the concept to replace any gray component across midtones and shadows. In modern workflows, undercoloring may be implemented as part of a UCR or GCR process, depending on the printer, stock, and proofing requirements.

Practical considerations include calibration within ICC profiles, proofing accuracy, and stock selection. When applied correctly, undercoloring can yield deeper, more stable shadows with less ink, but it requires careful tuning to avoid dulling dark colors or introducing color shifts.