ultrasonilised
Ultrasonilised is an adjective used to describe materials, liquids, or samples that have been subjected to ultrasonication, the application of high-frequency sound waves to a medium. Ultrasonication typically uses frequencies from about 20 kHz to a few MHz and is carried out with devices such as ultrasonic baths or ultrasonic probes (sonotrodes). The primary physical mechanism is acoustic cavitation: the formation, growth, and collapse of microbubbles in liquids, which generates localized high temperatures and pressures, shock waves, and intense shear forces. These effects promote rapid mixing, dispersion, deagglomeration, emulsification, cleaning, or extraction, depending on the medium and conditions, and may also cause chemical changes through radical formation in water.
Common uses include dispersing nanoparticles in suspensions, exfoliating layered materials (for example, producing graphene or transition
Process parameters such as frequency, acoustic amplitude, power input, duration, and temperature control the outcome and
Ultrasonilised is often used interchangeably with ultrasonicated, though regional spelling preferences may vary. See also ultrasonication,