tüviraku

Tüviraku is a term occasionally encountered in Estonian-language discussions of stem cells. In standard Estonian, stem cells are referred to as tüvirakk (literally "stem cell"); tüviraku may appear as a variant spelling, a shorthand, or in nonstandard texts. The concept denotes cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation.

Stem cells are unspecialized cells with the capacity to replicate and to differentiate into various specialized cell types. Their properties enable tissue development, maintenance, and repair.

Classification commonly includes embryonic stem cells, adult (somatic) stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can give rise to all body cell types. Adult stem cells are typically multipotent, yielding a limited range of cell types in specific tissues. Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated by reprogramming differentiated cells to a pluripotent state, offering a research and therapeutic alternative.

Applications include regenerative medicine, modeling of diseases, and screening of drugs. Research focuses on understanding signaling pathways, improving methods for isolation and culture, and ensuring genetic and epigenetic stability.

Ethical considerations center on the sources of stem cells, particularly embryonic material, consent, and potential clinical risks. Regulatory frameworks vary by country and influence translational progress.

See also: Stem cell, regenerative medicine, induced pluripotent stem cell.