trombosytopeniaan

Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low count of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are essential for blood clotting, and their deficiency can lead to increased bleeding and bruising. The condition is typically defined by a platelet count below 150,000 per microliter (µL) of blood, though mild cases may occur with counts between 100,000 and 150,000 µL. Severe thrombocytopenia, with counts below 20,000 µL, can result in spontaneous bleeding.

The causes of thrombocytopenia are varied and may include underlying diseases, medications, or immune system dysfunction. Common causes include viral infections (such as influenza or HIV), autoimmune disorders (like idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, or ITP), certain medications (including some antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and chemotherapy drugs), and bone marrow disorders (such as leukemia or aplastic anemia). Pregnancy, liver disease, and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) can also contribute to reduced platelet levels. In some cases, thrombocytopenia may develop without an identifiable cause, known as immune thrombocytopenia.

Symptoms of thrombocytopenia often depend on the severity of the condition. Mild cases may present with no noticeable signs, while more severe cases can lead to easy bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, nosebleeds, heavy menstrual periods, or gastrointestinal bleeding. In extreme cases, spontaneous bleeding in the brain or other organs can occur, which is a medical emergency.

Diagnosis typically involves a complete blood count (CBC) to confirm low platelet levels, along with further tests to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the cause and severity of the condition. Mild cases may not require intervention, while more severe cases may involve medications to stimulate platelet production (such as thrombopoietin receptor agonists) or to suppress the immune system (such as corticosteroids). In some instances, procedures like splenectomy (removal of the spleen) may be recommended for autoimmune-related thrombocytopenia. Management often focuses on avoiding injuries and using precautions to prevent bleeding.