traucjumi

Traucējumi (often written traucjumi in texts without diacritics) is a Latvian term for disturbances or interference that degrade the performance of a system. The concept is used across fields such as telecommunications, electronics, signal processing, and environmental science to describe unwanted inputs that obscure or disrupt desired signals or processes.

In telecommunications and electronics, traucējumi refer to unwanted signals that compete with or distort the intended signal. Common sources include thermal and shot noise, atmospheric and solar noise, man-made electromagnetic interference from nearby devices, cross-talk between channels, and impedance mismatches. They can be categorized by origin (random vs periodic), spectrum (narrowband vs wideband), and temporal behavior (continuous, impulsive).

Impact and measurement: Disturbances reduce signal quality, increase error rates, and can affect system stability. In communications, performance is described by metrics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate, and interference-to-signal ratio. In control systems, disturbances can cause deviations in output and reduced precision. In measurement and instrumentation, they limit accuracy and repeatability.

Mitigation and management: Approaches include shielding and grounding, proper cable routing, filtering (low-pass, band-pass), frequency planning, error-correcting codes, modulation and spread-spectrum techniques, diversity reception, and adaptive equalization. Regulatory standards by ITU and national bodies set limits for permissible interference in various bands. In non-electrical contexts, traucējumi can also refer to disturbances such as vibrations or environmental fluctuations that affect measurements or machinery. See also interference, noise, and disturbance.