transakcj

Transakcja, commonly referred to as transaction, is a fundamental concept in economics and information technology that denotes an agreement between parties to transfer value, goods, or services under predefined terms. The term derives from Latin transactio and has cognates in many languages. A transaction typically comprises the initiation, fulfillment, and settlement of the exchange.

In finance and commerce, a transaction records the transfer of value between counterparties, often via intermediaries such as banks or payment processors. Elements include the identities of the parties, the instrument or good, the amount, the date, and the terms. Transactions are recorded in ledgers and may be subject to regulatory reporting, taxation, and fraud prevention. They may involve clearing, settlement, and reconciliation, and can be cash-based, card-based, or electronic.

In computing and information systems, a transaction is a unit of work that must be completed wholly or not at all to maintain system consistency. Databases use transactions to ensure ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. Transaction management coordinates operations, providing commit or rollback. In distributed environments, protocols such as two-phase commit support atomicity across multiple nodes.

Legal and risk aspects include contracts, warranties, consumer protections, and compliance with financial regulations. Security considerations emphasize authentication, integrity, non-repudiation, and privacy, while fraud, error, and dispute resolution remain important concerns.

Examples include a customer purchasing a book online, a bank transferring funds between accounts, or a supplier delivering goods after invoicing.