torjuma

Torjuma is a term used in translation studies and multilingual communication to denote the act or result of rendering text or speech from one language into another. In its broad sense, torjuma encompasses both human translation and machine-assisted translation, as well as the final translated text. The term is found in various language communities with different degrees of formality; in some contexts it functions as a native noun meaning "translation," while in others it appears as a loanword or calque related to neighboring terms such as tarjama or tercüme, reflecting historical contact with Arabic, Turkic, and Persian linguistic traditions.

In translation studies, torjuma is analyzed in terms of linguistic equivalence, cultural mediation, and pragmatic adaptation. Researchers explore how meaning, tone, and style are transferred, and how translators handle idioms, cultural references, and genre conventions. The concept also informs localization practices in software, websites, and media, where torjuma requires not only linguistic accuracy but context-appropriate presentation, date formats, and legal considerations.

In digital environments, torjuma underpins machine translation systems, translation memory tools, and crowdsourced translation platforms, contributing to accessibility and global reach of content. Ongoing debates focus on quality assessment, post-editing workflows, and ethical implications of automated translation.

See also: Translation studies, Machine translation, Localization, Interpreting.