toppredators
Top predators, also called apex predators, occupy the highest trophic level in their ecosystems. They feed on other predators or herbivores and typically have few or no natural enemies as adults. By controlling the abundance and behavior of prey species, top predators influence community structure, energy flow, and ecosystem function, and their presence can trigger trophic cascades that extend through multiple ecological levels.
Terrestrial apex predators include large carnivores such as wolves, lions, tigers, leopards, bears, and crocodilians. In
Ecological roles of top predators are diverse. They help prevent overgrazing by herbivores, maintain biodiversity, and
Threats to top predators stem from human activity, including habitat fragmentation, prey depletion, hunting and persecution,