toistuneet

Toistuneet is a Finnish term used as an attributive form of the past participle that describes events, actions, or phenomena that have occurred more than once in the past. It derives from the verb toistua (to recur, to happen again) and is commonly used in combination with a plural noun, for example toistuneet virheet (repeated errors) or toistuneet tapaukset (recurring cases). The form can also be understood as the plural nominative of the past participle toistunut.

Grammatically, toistunut is the singular past participle of toistua, and toistuneet is its plural form to agree with a plural noun. It functions as an adjective in attributive position, as in toistuneet ongelmat (recurring problems), or as a predicate participle in sentences like Tapaukset ovat toistuneet (The cases have recurred). The usage emphasizes that the referenced events have occurred on multiple occasions rather than being one-off.

Usage notes and nuances: toistuneet signals repetition and can be applied across domains such as journalism, science, law, and everyday language. It does not specify exact frequency, only that occurrences have happened more than once. In contrast, the present form toistuva describes something that tends to recur or occurs repeatedly in general.

See also: toistaa, toistua, toistuminen, toistuvuus.