textilesfabrics

Textiles and fabrics refer to materials produced from fibers that have been processed into yarns and converted into fabrics, which then may be finished into consumer goods. Textiles encompasses the broader field including fibers, yarns, fabrics, and final products, while fabrics are the sheetlike materials created by weaving, knitting, felting, or nonwoven methods. Fibers can be natural, regenerated, or synthetic. Natural fibers include cotton, wool, silk, and flax; regenerated fibers include viscose and lyocell; synthetic fibers include polyester, nylon, acrylic, and spandex. The choice of fiber affects strength, comfort, and care.

Fabrics are produced by weaving (interlacing warp and weft), knitting (loops forming fabric), or nonwoven processes (bonding fibers). Finishes such as dyeing, printing, coating, and mechanical or chemical treatments tailor appearance and performance. Fabric properties—weight, weave or stitch density, drape, elasticity, absorbency, and durability—determine suitable applications and care requirements.

Uses range from clothing and home textiles to technical materials such as geotextiles, medical textiles, filters, and automotive fabrics. The field has ancient roots and expanded during the Industrial Revolution with mechanized spinning and loom technology, continuing to evolve with digital printing and smart textiles.

Sustainability and standards are increasingly emphasized, with certifications such as GOTS, OEKO-TEX, and bluesign, and ongoing efforts to recycle fibers and reduce environmental impact. When selecting textiles, considerations include fiber type, fabric construction, finish, and end use.