Fair Use: In many countries, including the United States, fair use allows for the use of copyrighted material without permission under certain conditions, such as for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. The key factors considered in determining fair use include the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount and substantiality of the portion used, and the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
Fair Dealing: Similar to fair use, fair dealing is a doctrine in Canadian copyright law that allows for the use of copyrighted material without permission under certain conditions. The key factors considered in determining fair dealing include the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount and substantiality of the portion used, and the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
Educational Exceptions: Many countries have specific exceptions for educational purposes, allowing for the use of copyrighted material in classrooms and for educational research without the need for permission from the copyright holder.
Orphan Works: Orphan works are copyrighted works for which the copyright holder cannot be found. In many jurisdictions, there are exceptions that allow for the use of orphan works under certain conditions, such as for preservation, archiving, or research purposes.